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Fibonacci三角数は4つしかない

2019年8月26日作成

Fibonacci数

突然の宣伝になりますが、現在、大阪・海老江で毎週水曜日と金曜日に大阪分散技術コミュニティ 主催で、数学について語り合ったり、数学をモチーフとしたテーブルゲームで遊んだりするイベント「数学デーin大阪」 が開催されています。

8/23にその第55回を迎えましたが、 55は10番目のFibonacci数であり、なおかつ10番目の三角数です。 実際、最初の10個のFibonacci数は \[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55\] で、最初の10個の三角数は \[1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55\] です。
最初の10個同士を比較することで、 \[1, 3, 21, 55\] はFibonacci数でかつ三角数であることがわかります。

そうなると、Fibonacci数でかつ三角数である数は他にもあるのではないか?という疑問が出てきますが、 実は Luo Ming, Fibonacci Quart. 27 (1989), 98-108 によって Fibonacci数でかつ三角数である数は上の4つしかないことが知られています。 この証明は初等的ですが、平方剰余の性質を巧妙に使っています。
この記事では、上記文献の証明について、省略されている詳しい計算を 紹介したいと思います。 特に奇数番目のFibonacci数で三角数となるのは$1$しかないことを示します。


Fibonacci数とLucas数

まず、Fibonacci数を、扱いやすい一般項の形で定義し直し、あわせて、Fibonacci数と深い関係のある Lucas数も定義します。 \[\alpha=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}, \beta=\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\] を2次方程式 \[x^2-x-1=0\] の解とし、数列 $u_n, v_n$ を \begin{equation}\label{eq10} u_n=\frac{\alpha^n-\beta^n}{\alpha-\beta}, v_n=\alpha^n+\beta^n \end{equation} により定義します。 \begin{equation}\label{eq11} \alpha+\beta=1, \alpha\beta=-1, (\alpha-\beta)^2=(\alpha+\beta)^2-4\alpha\beta=5 \end{equation} が成り立っていることに注意します。

\[\alpha^2=\alpha+1, \beta^2=\beta+1\] をそれぞれ $\alpha^n, \beta^n$ 倍して \[\alpha^{n+2}=\alpha^{n+1}+\alpha^n, \beta^{n+2}=\beta^{n+1}+\beta^n (n=0, 1, 2, \ldots)\] が得られますから \[u_0=0, u_1=1, u_{n+2}=u_{n+1}+u_n (n=0, 1, 2, \ldots),\] \[v_0=2, v_1=1, v_{n+2}=v_{n+1}+v_n (n=0, 1, 2, \ldots)\] という漸化式が容易に確かめられ、$u_n$ はFibonacci数をあらわしていることがわかります (一方 $v_n$ はLucas数と呼ばれます。 なお、Lucas数列というとFibonacci数の数列も含んだ、より一般的な様々な数列を指すことになります)。
さらに、$(\ref{eq10})$ を使うと $u_n, v_n$ は負の整数 $n$ に対しても定義することができて \begin{equation}\label{eq12} u_{-m}=\frac{\alpha^{-m}-\beta^{-m}}{\alpha-\beta}=\frac{\beta^m-\alpha^m}{(\alpha-\beta)(\alpha\beta)^m}=(-1)^{m+1} u_m, \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{eq13} v_{-m}=\alpha^{-m}+\beta^{-m}=\frac{\beta^m+\alpha^m}{(\alpha\beta)^m}=(-1)^m v_m \end{equation} となることがわかります。

$(\ref{eq10})$ から \begin{equation}\label{eq14} u_{2n}=u_n v_n, v_{2n}=v_n^2-2, \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{eq15} 2u_{m+n}=u_m v_n+u_n v_m, 2v_{m+n}=5u_m u_n+v_m v_n, \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{eq16} v_n^2-5u_n^2=4(-1)^n, \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{eq17} u_{2kt+n}\equiv (-1)^t u_n\pmod{v_k} \end{equation} がわかります。

$(\ref{eq14})$ は \[u_{2n}=\frac{\alpha^{2n}-\beta^{2n}}{\alpha-\beta}=\frac{(\alpha^n-\beta^n)(\alpha^n+\beta^n)}{\alpha-\beta}=u_n v_n\] および \[v_{2n}=\alpha^{2n}+\beta^{2n}=(\alpha^{2n}+2\alpha^n \beta^n+\beta^{2n})-2=(\alpha^n+\beta^n)^2-2=v_n^2-2\] から、 $(\ref{eq15})$ は \[u_m v_n+u_n v_m=\frac{(\alpha^m-\beta^m)(\alpha^n+\beta^n)+(\alpha^n-\beta^n)(\alpha^m+\beta^m)}{\alpha-\beta}=\frac{2(\alpha^{m+n}-\beta^{m+n})}{\alpha-\beta}=2u_{m+n},\] および \[5u_m u_n+v_m v_n=\frac{5(\alpha^m-\beta^m)(\alpha^n-\beta^n)}{(\alpha-\beta)^2}+(\alpha^m+\beta^m)(\alpha^n+\beta^n)=(\alpha^m-\beta^m)(\alpha^n-\beta^n)+(\alpha^m+\beta^m)(\alpha^n+\beta^n)=\alpha^{m+n}-\beta^{m+n}=v_n\] から導かれます(後の式では $(\ref{eq11})$ から $(\alpha-\beta)^2=5$ となることを使っています)。

$(\ref{eq16})$ は \[v_n+(\alpha-\beta)u_n=(\alpha^n+\beta^n)+(\alpha^n-\beta^n)=2\alpha^n\] および \[v_n-(\alpha-\beta)u_n=(\alpha^n+\beta^n)-(\alpha^n-\beta^n)=2\beta^n\] より $(\ref{eq11})$ を用いて \[v_n^2-5u_n^2=v_n^2-(\alpha-\beta)^2 u_n^2=4\alpha^n \beta^n=4(-1)^n\] となることから確かめられます。最後に $(\ref{eq17})$ は $(\ref{eq14}), (\ref{eq15})$ を用いて \[2u_{2k+n}=u_{2k} v_n+u_n v_{2k}=2u_k v_k v_n+u_n(v_k^2-2)\equiv -2u_n\pmod{v_k}\] となることから確かめられます。

三角数は $m(m+1)/2$ の形の数ですが、 \[\frac{8m(m+1)}{2}+1=4m(m+1)+1=(2m+1)^2\] より三角数を$8$倍して$1$を加えると平方数となります。それで、はじめに紹介した事実は 次のように言い換えられます。

Fibonacci三角数の有限性

$8u_n+1$ が平方数となる $n$ は $n=-1, 0, 1, 4, 8, 10$ しかない (かつ、これらの $n$ に対しては $8u_n+1$ は平方数である)。

本記事では、$n$ が奇数の場合に $8u_n+1$ が平方数となるのは $n=\pm 1$ しかないことを示すわけです。


合同式条件

まず、合同式の議論で $8u_n+1$ が平方数ではないとわかる場合を除外します(原論文第4節参照。 ここでは原論文よりもやや強い結果を証明します)。

合同数条件1

$8u_n+1$ が平方数ならば $n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 159\pmod{160}$ または $n\equiv 4, 8, 10\pmod{320}$ でなければならない。

\[8u_n+1\equiv 1, 9, 9, 6, 3, 8, 10, 6, 4, 9, 1, 9, \ldots \pmod{11} (n=0, 1, \ldots)\] に注意すると $n\equiv 3, 5, 6, 7 \pmod{10}$ のとき、それぞれ $8u_n+1\equiv 6, 8, 10, 6\pmod{11}$ なので $8u_n+1$ は平方数ではないことがわかります。よって \begin{equation}\label{eq21} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 9\pmod{10} \end{equation} のいずれかでなければいけません。

次に $n\equiv 9, 11, 12, 14, 18\pmod{20}$ のとき、それぞれ $8u_n+1\equiv 3, 3, 3, 2, 3\pmod{5}$ ですから、これは平方数ではありません。よって $(\ref{eq21})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq22} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 19\pmod{20} \end{equation} のいずれかでなければいけません。

$n\equiv 3, 5, 6\pmod{8}$ のとき $8u_n+1\equiv 2\pmod{3}$ ですから、これは平方数ではありません。よって $(\ref{eq22})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq23} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 24, 28, 39\pmod{40} \end{equation} のいずれかでなければならないことがわかります。

\[n\equiv 28, 39, 41, 42, 44, 60, 68\pmod{80}\] のとき、それぞれ \[8u_n+1\equiv 1153, 2154, 2154, 2154, 2138, 2067, 1010\pmod{2161}\] ですから、これは平方数ではありえず、$(\ref{eq23})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq24} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 24, 40, 48, 50, 64, 79\pmod{80}, \end{equation} 同様にして \[n\equiv 24, 40, 50, 64, 79, 81, 82, 84, 88, 90, 100, 104, 120, 128, 134\pmod{160}\] のとき、それぞれ \[\begin{split}8u_n+1\equiv & 2984, 2590, 2613, 1815, 3034, 3034, 3034, \\ & 3018, 2874, 2602, 619, 59, 453, 1500, 1977\pmod{3041}\end{split}\] ですから、これは平方数ではありえず、$(\ref{eq24})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq25} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 48, 80, 130, 144, 159\pmod{160}, \end{equation} 同様にして \[n\equiv 130, 144\pmod{160}\] のとき、それぞれ \[8u_n+1\equiv 639, 110\pmod{1601}\] ですから、これは平方数ではありえず、$(\ref{eq25})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq26} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 48, 80, 159 \pmod{160}, \end{equation} 同様にして \[n\equiv 48, 80, 164, 170, 208, 240\pmod{320}\] のとき、それぞれ \[8u_n+1\equiv 933, 1276, 2184, 1768, 1276, 933\pmod{2207}\] ですから、これは平方数ではありえず、$(\ref{eq26})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq27a} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 8, 20, 159\pmod{160} \end{equation} または \begin{equation}\label{eq27b} n\equiv 4, 10\pmod{320}, \end{equation} 同様にして \[n\equiv 20, 168, 180\pmod{320}\] のとき、それぞれ \[8u_n+1\equiv 54121, -54119, -167\pmod{23725145626561}\] ですから、これは平方数ではありえず、$(\ref{eq27a}), (\ref{eq27b})$ とあわせて \begin{equation}\label{eq28a} n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 159\pmod{160} \end{equation} または \begin{equation}\label{eq28b} n\equiv 4, 8, 10\pmod{320} \end{equation} のいずれかでなければならないことが示されました。

原論文では $n\equiv 20\pmod{160}$ の可能性を除外するために平方剰余に関する議論をしていますが、 $u_n$ が素数 $23725145626561$ を法として周期 $320$ を持つことを使うと、 単純な合同式計算で除外できます。また、 原論文の $n\equiv 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 159\pmod{160}$ よりもやや強い結果になっています。


平方数である必要条件

単純な合同式の議論で $8u_n+1$ が平方数である場合を絞り込むことができましたが、 \[u_0=0, u_1=u_2=u_{-1}=1, u_4=3, u_8=21, u_{10}=55\] であるため、単純な合同式の議論では $8u_n+1$ が平方数であるためには $n\equiv 1\pmod{m}$ でなければならない、といった 条件を導くことはできても、$8u_n+1$ が平方数であるものが $u_1$ 以外にはないことを 示すことはできそうにありません。
そこで、平方剰余の議論を用いて、$8u_n+1$ が平方数ではないことを示すことにします。 そのために、次のような条件(原論文では"Jacobi symbol creterion"と呼ばれています。原論文第3節参照)を用います。

平方数である必要条件

$a, n$ が正の整数で $n\equiv 2, 4\pmod{6}$ のいずれかでかつ $a$ が $v_n$ と互に素ならば \[\left(\frac{\pm 4au_{2n}+1}{v_{2n}}\right)=-\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right),\] ただし両辺の $\pm$ は同一の符号をあらわすとする。 特に、$\pm 4au_{2n}+1$ が平方数ならば \[\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right)=-1.\]

この証明のためには平方剰余の補充法則や相互法則が必要となります。平方剰余に関する諸法則の証明には Wikibooksにある幾何的なもの「高校生/社会人のための整数論入門」にある、Gauss和などを用いた代数的なものなどがあります。

\[n\equiv 2 4\pmod{6}, 2n\equiv 4, 8\pmod{12}\] なので \[v_m\equiv 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 1, \ldots \pmod{4} (m=0, 1, 2, \ldots),\] \[v_m\equiv 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 3, 2, 5, 7, 4, 3, 7, 2, 1, \ldots \pmod{8} (m=0, 1, 2, \ldots)\] より $v_n, v_{2n}$ について合同式 \begin{equation}\label{eq31} v_n\equiv 3\pmod{4}, v_{2n}\equiv 7\pmod{8} \end{equation} が成り立つことがわかります。よって第二補充法則より \begin{equation}\label{eq32} \left(\frac{2}{v_{2n}}\right)=1 \end{equation} となることがわかりますから、 \begin{equation}\label{eq33} \left(\frac{\pm 4au_{2n}+1}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{\pm 8au_{2n}+2}{v_{2n}}\right) \end{equation} となることがわかります。
次に $(\ref{eq14})$ より $u_{2n}=u_nv_n, v_{2n}=v_n^2-2\equiv -2\pmod{v_n}$ なので \begin{equation}\label{eq34} \left(\frac{\pm 8au_{2n}+2}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{\pm 8au_n v_n+v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right) \end{equation} が成り立ちます。

$(\ref{eq34})$ の右辺の符号が正の場合、 $8au_n v_n+v_n^2\equiv v_n^2\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ より相互法則から \begin{equation}\label{eq35} \left(\frac{8au_n v_n+v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n v_n+v_n^2}\right) \end{equation}

となります。

$(\ref{eq34})$ の右辺の符号が負の場合、 $v_{2n}\equiv 7\pmod{8}$ なので第一補充法則より \begin{equation}\label{eq36} \left(\frac{-8au_n v_n+v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)= \left(\frac{-1}{v_{2n}}\right)\left(\frac{8au_n v_n-v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)= -\left(\frac{8au_n v_n-v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right) \end{equation} となることがわかります。 さらに \[8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2\geq v_n(8u_n-v_n)>0,\] \[8au_n v_n-v_n^2\equiv -v_n^2\equiv -1\pmod{4}\] より相互法則から \[-\left(\frac{8au_n v_n-v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n v_n-v_n^2}\right)\] となるので、結局 $(\ref{eq36})$ から \begin{equation}\label{eq37} \left(\frac{-8au_n v_n+v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n v_n-v_n^2}\right) \end{equation} がわかります。

$(\ref{eq35}), (\ref{eq37})$ より、いずれの場合も、 \begin{equation} \left(\frac{\pm 8au_n v_n+v_n^2}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right) \end{equation} が成り立ちますから、 $(\ref{eq33}), (\ref{eq34})$ とあわせると、 \begin{equation}\label{eq38} \left(\frac{\pm 4au_{2n}+1}{v_{2n}}\right)=\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right) =\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) \end{equation} が成り立つことがわかります。そこで、この右辺の2つの平方剰余を詳しく調べます。

まず1つめの平方剰余については $(\ref{eq14})$ より $v_{2n}=v_n^2-2\equiv -2\pmod{v_n}$ なので \begin{equation}\label{eq39} \left(\frac{v_{2n}}{v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{-2}{v_n}\right) \end{equation} が成り立ちます。

$(\ref{eq38})$ の2つめの平方剰余はより難しいです。 まず $(\ref{eq15})$ より $2v_{2n}=5u_n^2+v_n^2$ なので \begin{equation}\label{eq310} \left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)= \left(\frac{16a^2 v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)= \left(\frac{8a^2(5u_n^2+v_n^2)}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)= \left(\frac{a}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)\left(\frac{8a(5u_n^2+v_n^2)}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right), \end{equation} と、これまた2つの平方剰余の積であらわせますが、 \[40au_n^2=5u_n(8au_n\pm v_n)\mp 5u_n v_n\equiv \mp 5u_n v_n\pmod{8au_n\pm v_n},\] \[8av_n^2=8a v_n (8a u_n\pm v_n)\mp 64a^2 u_n v_n\equiv \mp 64a^2 u_n v_n\pmod{8au_n\pm v_n}\] より、 $(\ref{eq310})$ の2つめの平方剰余は \begin{equation}\label{eq311} \left(\frac{8a(5u_n^2+v_n^2)}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{\mp (64a^2+5)u_n v_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) \end{equation} とあらわせます。この右辺を($\mp 1$ も含めた)4つの因数に関する平方剰余の積に分解して、1つずつ調べます。
$8au_n+v_n\equiv v_n\equiv 3\pmod{4}$ なので第一補充法則より \begin{equation}\label{eq312} \left(\frac{\mp 1}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\mp 1, \end{equation} $64a^2+5\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ なので相互法則より \begin{equation}\label{eq313} \left(\frac{64a^2+5}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right), \end{equation} $8au_n+v_n\equiv v_n\equiv 3\pmod{4}, 8au_n-v_n\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ なので相互法則より \begin{equation}\label{eq314} \left(\frac{v_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\mp \left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{v_n}\right) =\mp \left(\frac{8au_n}{v_n}\right) =\mp \left(\frac{2a}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{u_n}{v_n}\right) \end{equation} が成り立ちます。
残った $u_n$ に関する平方剰余については \begin{equation}\label{eq315} \left(\frac{u_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{u_n}{v_n}\right) \end{equation} が成り立ちます。実際 $u_n\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ のときは相互法則を使い、 \[\left(\frac{u_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{u_n}\right),\] ここで、第一補充法則を使って、次に再び相互法則を使って \[\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{u_n}\right) =\left(\frac{\pm v_n}{u_n}\right) =\left(\frac{v_n}{u_n}\right) =\left(\frac{u_n}{v_n}\right)\] となり、$u_n\equiv 3\pmod{4}$ のとき $8au_n\pm v_n\equiv \pm v_n\equiv \mp 1\pmod{4}$ より相互法則から \[\left(\frac{u_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) =\mp \left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{u_n}\right),\] 第一補充法則を使い、次に再び相互法則を使って \[\mp \left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{u_n}\right) =\mp \left(\frac{\pm v_n}{u_n}\right) =-\left(\frac{v_n}{u_n}\right) =\left(\frac{u_n}{v_n}\right)\] となります。

$(\ref{eq312})$ から $(\ref{eq315})$ を $(\ref{eq311})$ に代入して \[ \left(\frac{8a(5u_n^2+v_n^2)}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)= \left(\frac{\mp (64a^2+5)u_n v_n}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right)\left(\frac{2a}{v_n}\right) \] を得、結局 $(\ref{eq39})$ および $(\ref{eq310})$ とあわせて \begin{equation} \begin{split} \left(\frac{v_{2n}}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) = & \left(\frac{-2}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{a}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)\left(\frac{8a(5u_n^2+v_n^2)}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) \\ = & \left(\frac{-2}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{a}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right)\left(\frac{2a}{v_n}\right) \\ = & \left(\frac{-a}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{a}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right) \end{split} \label{eq316} \end{equation} となります。

$v_n\equiv 3\pmod{4}$ なので第一補充法則より \[\left(\frac{-a}{v_n}\right)=-\left(\frac{a}{v_n}\right)\] となるので $(\ref{eq316})$ から \begin{equation} \begin{split} \left(\frac{v_{2n}}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right) = & -\left(\frac{a}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{a}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right) \\ = & -\left(\frac{a}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right). \end{split} \label{eq317} \end{equation} がわかります。

$(\ref{eq317})$ の1つ目の平方剰余について考えます。 $8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2\equiv \pm v_n^2\equiv \pm 1\pmod{8}$ なので第二補充法則より \[\left(\frac{2}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)=1\] となります。よって \[a=2^s b, s\geq 0, b\equiv 1\pmod{2}\] とおくと \begin{equation} \left(\frac{a}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)=\left(\frac{b}{2^{s+3} bu_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right) \end{equation} となります。
$b\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ ならば相互法則より \begin{equation} \begin{split} \left(\frac{a}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)= & \left(\frac{b}{2^{s+3} bu_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right) \\ = & \left(\frac{2^{s+3} bu_n v_n\pm v_n^2}{b}\right) \\ = & \left(\frac{\pm v_n^2}{b}\right)=\left(\frac{\pm 1}{b}\right)=1, \end{split} \end{equation} $b\equiv 3\pmod{4}$ ならば相互法則をつかい、さらに第一補充法則より \begin{equation} \begin{split} \left(\frac{a}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)= & \left(\frac{b}{2^{s+3} bu_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right) \\ = & \pm \left(\frac{2^{s+3} bu_n v_n\pm v_n^2}{b}\right) \\ = & \pm \left(\frac{\pm v_n^2}{b}\right)\pm \left(\frac{\pm 1}{b}\right)=\pm(\pm 1)=1, \end{split} \end{equation} となります。
したがって \[\left(\frac{a}{8au_n v_n\pm v_n^2}\right)=1\] が常に成り立ちますから、これを $(\ref{eq317})$ に代入し、 \begin{equation} \left(\frac{v_{2n}}{v_n}\right)\left(\frac{v_{2n}}{8au_n\pm v_n}\right)=-\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right) \end{equation} を得ます。これを $(\ref{eq38})$ とあわせて \begin{equation} \left(\frac{\pm 4au_{2n}+1}{v_{2n}}\right)=-\left(\frac{8au_n\pm v_n}{64a^2+5}\right) \end{equation} が成り立つことがわかります。


平方数条件の応用

先に示した平方数条件の強さは、たとえば次のような応用から見て取れます。

平方数条件1

$n\equiv \pm 1\pmod{160}, n\neq 1$ ならば $8u_n+1$ は平方数ではない。つまり このとき $u_n$ は三角数ではない。

$n\equiv -1\pmod{160}$ のとき $n$ は奇数ですから $(\ref{eq12})$ より $u_n=u_{-n}, -n\equiv 1\pmod{160}$ となりますので はじめから $n\equiv 1\pmod{160}$ としても問題ありません。

まず $n\equiv 1\pmod{160}, n\neq 1$ として、 \[n=\delta 2\times 3^r\times 5m+1, m>0, \gcd(m, 3)=1, \delta=\pm 1\] とあらわすことにします。 $n-1$ は $160$ の倍数ですから \[m\equiv \pm 16\pmod{48}\] が成り立ちます。

第一に $\delta 3^r\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ の場合を考えます。
$m\equiv 16\pmod{48}$ のとき $k=5m$, $m\equiv 32\pmod{48}$ のとき $k=m$ となるように $k$ をとると、 つねに $k\equiv 32\pmod{48}$ となります。 $n=4kt+2k+1$ とおくと $t=(\delta 3^r-1)/2$ または $(\delta 3^r\times 5-1)/2$ となって、 \[\delta 3^r\times 5\equiv \delta 3^r\equiv 1\pmod{4}\] より $t$ は偶数ですから $(\ref{eq17})$ より \[8u_n+1\equiv 8u_{2k+1}+1\pmod{v_{2k}},\] $(\ref{eq15})$ より $2u_{2k+1}=u_{2k}+v_{2k}$ なので \begin{equation} 8u_n+1\equiv 4(u_{2k}+v_{2k})+1\equiv 4u_{2k}+1 \pmod{v_{2k}} \end{equation} がわかります。ここで、先の平方数条件を使うと \begin{equation} \left(\frac{8u_n+1}{v_{2k}}\right) =\left(\frac{4u_{2k}+1}{v_{2k}}\right)=-\left(\frac{8u_k+v_k}{69}\right) \end{equation} となりますが $k\equiv 32\pmod{48}$ より \begin{equation} -\left(\frac{8u_k+v_k}{69}\right)=-\left(\frac{8u_{32}+v_{32}}{69}\right)=-\left(\frac{38}{69}\right)=-1 \end{equation} となりますから、この場合においては $8u_n+1$ は平方数ではありえません。

次に $\delta 3^r\equiv -1\pmod{4}$ の場合を考えます。
$m\equiv 16\pmod{48}$ のとき $k=m$, $m\equiv 32\pmod{48}$ のとき $k=5m$ となるように $k$ をとると、 つねに $k\equiv 16\pmod{48}$ となります。 先程のように $n=4kt+2k+1$ とおくと \[\delta 3^r\times 5\equiv \delta 3^r\equiv 3\pmod{4}\] よりこの場合は $t$ は奇数ですから、 先程と同様にすると \begin{equation} 8u_n+1\equiv -8u_{2k+1}+1\equiv -4u_{2k}+1\pmod{v_{2k}}, \end{equation} となって 先の補題を使うと \begin{equation} \left(\frac{8u_n+1}{v_{2k}}\right)= =\left(\frac{-4u_{2k}+1}{v_{2k}}\right)=-\left(\frac{8u_k-v_k}{69}\right) \end{equation} となります。$k\equiv 16\pmod{48}$ より \begin{equation} -\left(\frac{8u_k-v_k}{69}\right)=-\left(\frac{8u_{16}-v_{16}}{69}\right)=-\left(\frac{31}{69}\right)=-1 \end{equation} なので、この場合も $8u_n+1$ は平方数ではありえません。


合同式条件1によれば、 $n$ が奇数で $8u_n+1$ が平方数ならば $n\equiv 1, 159\pmod{160}$ でしたから、 平方数条件1を合わせると、 $n$ が奇数で $8u_n+1$ が平方数になるのは $n=\pm 1$ しか 存在しないことがわかります。すなわち、次のことがわかります。

Fibonacci三角数の有限性(奇数番目の場合)

奇数番目のFibonacci数で三角数になるのは1のみである。

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#1076:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Dog activity tracker_____Date: 02/08 15:37 GMT
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#1075:[ 無題 ] Home Mail webpage_____Date: 02/08 15:36 GMT
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