[TOP]

素因数分解の一意性

2009年6月27日作成/2025年5月25日一部修正

素数について

素数、すなわち $1$ と自分自身でしか割れない数は整数の世界において最も重要な対象の一つである。

$1$ より大きな整数 $N$ が素数でなければ、$N$ は $1$ と $N$ の間に約数 $N_1$ を持っている。だから、$N=N_1 M_1$ とかける。 ここで、 $N_1$ が素数ならばそれでよし、素数でないならば、その $N_1$ もまた $1$ と $N_1$ との間に約数 $N_2$ を持っている。 M1 についても同じように考えていく。そのように繰り返していくと、いつか素数に辿り着く。 なぜなら、$N>N_1>N_2>\cdots$ と小さくなっていくが、無限に小さくなることはないからである。

 よって、$1$ より大きな整数は必ず素数の積として表せる。たとえば、$24=4\times 6, 4=2\times 2, 6=2\times 3$ だから、$24=2\times 2\times 2\times 3=2^3\times 3$ と素数の積で表される。

 しかも、算術の基本定理といって、$1$ より大きな整数は必ず素数の積に一意的に表示できる。ただし、ここで例えば $6=2\times 3=3\times 2$ は、$2$ と $3$ の現れる順序が違うだけなので、そのようなものは同一視する。
 素数が整数の世界において重要なのは、整数が素数の積に、しかも一意的に表示できるからである。

 算術の基本定理の証明は複数のものが知られているが、筆者の知る限りで最も単純だと思うものを上げる。

 $N$ を少なくとも二種類の素因数分解を持つ最小の整数として、$N=p_1 p_2 \cdots p_\ell=q_1 q_2 \cdots q_k, p_1\leq p_2\leq \cdots \leq p_\ell, q_1\leq q_2\leq \cdots q_k$ とおく。
 このとき、$p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_\ell$ と $q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_k$ は共通の素因数を持たない。なぜならば、例えば $p_1=q_1$ ならば、$N/p_1=N/q_1=p_2 \cdots p_\ell=q_2 \cdots q_k$ となって、 $N/p_1$ もまた少なくとも二種類の素因数分解を持つからである。
 $\ell=1, k>1$ ならば、 $p_1=q_1 q_2 \cdots q_k$ より $p_1$ が素数であることに反する。$\ell=k=1$ ならば、$N=p_1=q_1$ でなければならない。よって、$\ell>1, k>1$ でなければならない。
 $l>1, p_1\leq p_2$ より $p_1^2\leq p_1 p_2 \leq N$, 同様に $q_1^2\leq q_1 q_2\leq N$ である。$p_1\neq q_1$ だから $p_1 q_1  ところが、$N/p_1=p_2 \cdots p_\ell$ と素因数分解される。つまり、$N/p_1$ は少なくとも二種類の素因数分解を持つことになり、$N$ の最小性に矛盾する。
 ここから、$N$ の素因数分解の一意性が示せた。(証明終)


 素数は整数の世界において重要な対象であるが、素数それ自体の探求もまた多くの人をひき付けるテーマである。

 素数はどれだけ存在しているか。素数をどのようにして見つけ出せばいいのだろうか。など、素数に関する問題は無数にある。
 Paulo Ribenboim氏の素数に関する著書、 The New Book of Prime Number Records, Springer-Verlag, 1996 では、素数について次の6つのテーマに分けて扱っている。

  1. 素数はどれだけたくさん存在するか?
  2. ある自然数が素数か否かどうやって判定するか?
  3. 素数を定義する関数は存在するか?
  4. 素数はどのように分布しているか?
  5. どのような特殊な素数が考察されてきたか?
  6. 素数に関する発見的・確率論的な結果

 このうち、すぐに答えられるのは最初の問いである。すなわち、素数は無限に多く存在する。
 これはユークリッドの有名な定理である。ユークリッドの証明は次の通りである。素数が有限個しか存在しないとして、すべての素数の積に1を加えた数を考える。この数も素因数を一つ持つが、その素数は「すべての素数の積」の素因数になっていなければならない。よって、その素数は1を割り切ることになり、矛盾する。よって、素数は無限に多く存在しなければならない。

 素数が無限に多く存在することの証明は他にもたくさんある。Paulo Ribenboim氏の著書にはそのいくつかが記されている。

 (5/25/2025追記)素因数分解が一意的であることの証明も他にもたくさんある。当サイトの「初頭整数論の基本定理の証明」にそのいくつかを紹介している。このページで紹介した証明は G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, D. R. Heath-Brown, J. Silverman, A. Wiles, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, the 6th edition, Oxford University Press, 2008 の 2.11節の証明を参考とした。

タイトル
名前
URL
E-mail address
本文中ではLaTeXコマンドが使用可能です。
イメージ色 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
[admin]


[BACK][NEXT]

#4955:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Buy Xanax Online_____Date: 10/09 14:02 GMT
Hi there, I wish for to subscribe for this blog to get latest updates, so
where can i do it please help.

#4954:[ 無題 ] Home Mail nude chat_____Date: 10/09 13:28 GMT
What's Going down i'm new to this, I stumbled upon this I've found It
absolutely helpful and it has aided me out loads.
I am hoping to contribute & aid other users like its helped me.
Great job.

#4953:[ 無題 ] Home Mail math tuition 880_____Date: 10/09 13:12 GMT
Lovrly just what I was searching for. Thnks to tthe author
for taking his clock timke on this one.

#4952:[ 無題 ] Home Mail inherited-property-tax-ca.pages.dev_____Date: 10/09 09:39 GMT
Simply desire to say your article is as astounding.
The clearness in your post is just excellent and i could assume
you're an expert on this subject. Well with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post.

Thanks a million and please carry on the enjoyable work.

#4951:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Bryant_____Date: 10/09 09:34 GMT
Just joined the Rainmakers after seeing the initial 100 spots sell out in mere hours
and man Charles Floate is delivering insane value with weekly live one-on-ones, full methodology drops, CharlesGPT 3.1 and the Dark Library bonuses, easily the best AI SEO community and
training program out there if youre tired of figuring it out solo.

#4950:[ 無題 ] Home Mail https://Lcwd.Co.uk/_____Date: 10/09 09:08 GMT
Link exchange is nothing else but it is only placing the
other person's blog link on your page at appropriate place and other
person will also do same in favor of you.

#4949:[ 無題 ] Home Mail maths tuition_____Date: 10/09 06:03 GMT
I am incessantly thought about this, thank you for posting.

#4948:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Amiriexch Casino India_____Date: 10/09 04:59 GMT
Hi it's me, I am also visiting this web site daily, this site is really pleasant and the
visitors are in fact sharing pleasant thoughts.

#4947:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Swedish Massage in Karachi_____Date: 10/09 04:04 GMT
I do not even know how I finished up right here, however I assumed this submit was
good. I don't know who you are but certainly you're going to a famous blogger in the event you are
not already. Cheers!

#4946:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Odds96_____Date: 10/08 23:11 GMT
I for all time emailed this weblog post page to all my associates,
as if like to read it afterward my links will too.

#4945:[ 無題 ] Home Mail enterprise .net development_____Date: 10/08 22:18 GMT
Require the source repository from the start. A team that shows code only at milestones is
asking you to accept a black box. Regular commits
and pull requests reveal the actual pace far better than a
weekly report.

#4944:[ 無題 ] Home Mail bkslot_____Date: 10/08 21:37 GMT
I visited multiple web pages except the audio feature for audio songs current at this
site is actually excellent.

#4943:[ 無題 ] Home Mail socalwaterdamagerestoration.top_____Date: 10/08 20:31 GMT
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on water damage restoration SoCal.

Regards

#4942:[ 無題 ] Home Mail gay_____Date: 10/08 20:06 GMT
Heya! I'm at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone 3gs!
Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and look forward to all your posts!

Carry on the superb work!

#4941:[ 無題 ] Home Mail grandpokies.com_____Date: 10/08 20:03 GMT
Excellent beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your website,
how could i subscribe for a blog site? The account aided
me a acceptable deal. I had been a little bit
acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright clear
idea

#4940:[ 無題 ] Home Mail resources_____Date: 10/08 19:43 GMT
Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article.
I will be sure to bookmark it and return to read more
of your useful information. Thanks for the post.
I'll definitely comeback.

#4939:[ 無題 ] Home Mail mounjaro 5mg_____Date: 10/08 19:24 GMT
constantly i used to read smaller content that as well clear their motive, and that is also happening
with this post which I am reading now.

#4938:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Reybets_____Date: 10/08 18:34 GMT
I am really impressed along with your writing talents and also with the
layout on your weblog. Is this a paid topic or did you customize it
your self? Either way stay up the nice quality writing, it's uncommon to
look a great blog like this one today..

#4937:[ 無題 ] Home Mail j88_____Date: 10/08 18:20 GMT
We're a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community.

Your web site offered us with valuable information to work on. You've performed an impressive
process and our entire community shall be thankful to you.

#4936:[ 無題 ] Home Mail lot888_____Date: 10/08 17:58 GMT
I was recommended this blog by my cousin. I'm not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my trouble.
You're wonderful! Thanks!

#4935:[ 無題 ] Home Mail income_____Date: 10/08 17:09 GMT
I have read so many content on the topic of the blogger lovers but this post is actually a fastidious piece of writing, keep
it up.

#4934:[ 無題 ] Home Mail memek online_____Date: 10/08 16:16 GMT
Hi there friends, its impressive article regarding teachingand fully explained, keep it up all the
time.

#4933:[ 無題 ] Home Mail https://jme-training-academy.com/index.php/User:GeorgettaMalcolm_____Date: 10/08 15:23 GMT
I've been testing real browser TLS fingerprint against TLS fingerprint detection and noticed that even with
JA3 fingerprint antidetect browser tweaks my HTTP/2 SETTINGS
fingerprint still gets flagged while UULE 3 geolocation via the UULE parameter Google location looks
solid yet accounts get banned despite residential proxies because browser fingerprint coherence drops
when fingerprint randomisation detection kicks in especially comparing real browser vs Chromium fork.

#4932:[ 無題 ] Home Mail 918Kiss APK Malaysia download_____Date: 10/08 15:04 GMT
I really like looking through a post that will
make people think. Also, many thanks for allowing for me to comment!

#4931:[ 無題 ] Home Mail lot888_____Date: 10/08 13:10 GMT
Oh my goodness! Awesome article dude! Thanks, However I am encountering problems with your RSS.
I don't know the reason why I am unable to join it. Is there anyone else having the
same RSS problems? Anyone who knows the answer will you kindly respond?
Thanx!!

#4930:[ 無題 ] Home Mail porno_____Date: 10/08 12:22 GMT
Neat blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from
somewhere? A design like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog stand out.
Please let me know where you got your theme. Thank you

#4929:[ I am the new girl ] Home Mail Cortez_____Date: 10/08 11:25 GMT
Reliable data Many thanks.

#4928:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Toyota Alphard KLIA airport transfer_____Date: 10/08 09:47 GMT
What's up, constantly i used to check blog posts here early in the daylight, since i
love to learn more and more.

#4927:[ 無題 ] Home Mail free AI social media post generator_____Date: 10/08 08:25 GMT
You are so cool! I don't think I've read anything like this before.
So wonderful to discover somebody with genuine thoughts on this
issue. Seriously.. thank you for starting this up.
This site is one thing that is needed on the web, someone with a little originality!

#4926:[ 無題 ] Home Mail Online math tuition singapore chinese math tuition_____Date: 10/08 07:46 GMT
Consistent primary math tuition helps young learners overcome common challenges including heuristic
techniques and rapid calculation skills, which are heavily tested in school examinations.




Given Singapore’s strong focus on STEM career pathways, excellent
mathematics achievement in secondary school — often reinforced through tuition — unlocks access to premier junior colleges, top
polytechnic courses, and competitive university programmes.




Given that A-Level performance decisively impact admission to top local universities, focused math
tuition throughout JC1 and JC2 significantly raises the likelihood of
obtaining top-tier results.



In Singapore's fast-paced and highly competitive education system, online
math tuition has emerged as a vital resource for primary students, offering flexible scheduling annd
tailored individual support to help young learners thoroughly
understand foundational PSLE topics including heuristics and model method from home without rigid centre schedules.



OMT's mix of online and on-site alternatives supplies flexibility,
making mathematics easily accessible and adorable, while motivating Singapore pupils for examination success.




Get ready for success in upcoming examinations with OMT Math Tuition's proprietary curriculum, designed to
promote important thinking and confidence in every trainee.





As mathematics forms the bedrock of abstract thought and crucial analytical in Singapore's education system,
expert math tuition provides the individualized guidance required to
turn difficulties into victories.



With PSLE mathematics progressing to include more interdisciplinary components, tuition keeps students upgraded on integrated concerns blending
math with science contexts.



By providing considerable experiment previous O Level papers,
tuition outfits trainees with familiarity and the capability to anticipate concern patterns.





Via routine mock examinations and comprehensive feedback,
tuition assists junior college trainees identify and deal with weaknesses before the real A Levels.





OMT's custom sllabus uniquely aligns with MOE structure by
supplying connecting components for smooth changes between primary, secondary,
and JC mathematics.



OMT's system is mobile-friendly one, so research on the move and see your
mathematics qualities enhance without missing out on a beat.




Math tuition debunks innovative topics like calculus for A-Level students, paving the method for university admissions in Singapore.

#4925:[ 無題 ] Home Mail australia-topcasino.com_____Date: 10/08 06:30 GMT
Very good write-up. I definitely appreciate this site. Keep writing!

#4924:[ 無題 ] Home Mail porno_____Date: 10/08 05:21 GMT
After checking out a handful of the blog articles on your site, I seriously like your way of blogging.
I saved as a favorite it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon. Take a
look at my website too and tell me your opinion.

全てのコメントを HTML 化してダウンロードできます。
ダウンロード後、ファイルの拡張子をhtml に変更してご利用ください。


管理者 Tomohiro Yamada : JawaNote v1.41 [Shigeto Nakazawa], revised by Tomohiro Yamada